Singapore......СИНГАПУР

Singapore (Listeni /ˈsɪŋəpɔː(r)/), officially the Republic of Singapore, is a Southeast Asian city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, 137 kilometres (85 mi) north of the equator. An island country made up of 63 islands, it is separated from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to its north and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the Singapore Strait to its south. The country is highly urbanised with very little primary rainforest remaining, although more land is being created for development through land reclamation.

Singapore had been a part of various local empires since it was first inhabited in the second century AD. It hosted a trading post of the East India Company in 1819 with permission from the Sultanate of Johor. The British obtained sovereignty over the island in 1824 and Singapore became one of the British Straits Settlements in 1826. Occupied by the Japanese in World War II, Singapore declared independence, uniting with other former British territories to form Malaysia in 1963, although it was separated from Malaysia two years later. Since then it has had a massive increase in wealth, and is one of the Four Asian Tigers. Singapore is the world's fourth leading financial centre, and its port is one of the five busiest ports in the world. The economy heavily depends on the industry and service sectors.

Singapore is a parliamentary republic with a Westminster system of unicameral parliamentary government. The People's Action Party (PAP) has won every election since self-government in 1959. The legal system of Singapore has its foundations in the English common law system, but modifications have been made to it over the years, such as the removal of trial by jury. The PAP's popular image is that of a strong, experienced and highly-qualified government, backed by a skilled Civil Service and an education system with an emphasis on achievement and meritocracy; but it is perceived by some voters, opposition critics and international observers as being authoritarian and too restrictive on individual freedom.

Some 5 million people live in Singapore, of whom 2.91 million were born locally. Most are of Chinese, Malay or Indian descent. There are four official languages: English, Chinese, Malay and Tamil. One of the five founding members of the Association of South East Asian Nations, Singapore also hosts the APEC Secretariat, and is a member of the East Asia Summit, the Non-Aligned Movement, and the Commonwealth.
Singapore has a highly developed market-based economy, based historically on extended entrepôt trade. Along with Hong Kong, South Korea and Republic of China (Taiwan), Singapore is one of the Four Asian Tigers. The economy depends heavily on exports and refining imported goods, especially in manufacturing, which constituted 27.2% of Singapore's GDP in 2010[6] and includes significant electronics, petroleum refining, chemicals, mechanical engineering and biomedical sciences sectors. In 2006 Singapore produced about 10% of the world's foundry wafer output. The country is the world's fourth leading financial centre. Singapore has one of the busiest ports in the world and is the world's fourth largest foreign-exchange trading centre after London, New York and Tokyo.The World Bank ranks Singapore as the world's top logistics hub.

Before independence in 1965, Singapore had a GDP per capita of $511, then the third highest in East Asia. After independence, foreign direct investment and a state-led drive for industrialisation based on plans by Goh Keng Swee and Albert Winsemius created a modern economy. As a result of global recession and a slump in the technology sector, the country's GDP contracted by 2.2% in 2001. The Economic Review Committee was set up in December 2001 and recommended several policy changes to revitalise the economy. Singapore has since recovered, largely due to improvements in the world economy; the economy grew by 8.3% in 2004, 6.4% in 2005, and 7.9% in 2006. After a contraction of −0.8% in 2009, the economy recovered in 2010 with a GDP growth of 14.5%
Singapore possesses the world's tenth largest foreign reserves. Singapore's external trade is of higher value than its GDP, making trade one of the most vital components of the economy. Over ten free trade agreements have been signed with other countries and regions. Singapore's economy was ranked the world's most open in 2009, competitive and innovative. Singapore is rated the most business-friendly economy in the world. The currency of Singapore is the Singapore dollar, issued by the Monetary Authority of Singapore. It is interchangeable with the Brunei dollar.

Most work in Singapore is in the service sector, which employed around 2,151,400 people out of 3,102,500 jobs in December 2010. Around 64.2% of jobs were held by locals. The percentage of unemployed economically active people above age 15 is about 2%. Poverty levels are low compared to other countries in the region. The government provides cheap housing and financial assistance to poorer people. Singapore has the world's highest percentage of millionaire households, with 15.5 percent of all households owning at least one million US dollars.

Tourism forms a large part of the economy, and 10.2 million tourists visited the country in 2007. To attract more tourists, in 2005 the government legalised gambling and allowed two casino resorts (called Integrated Resorts) to be developed. Singapore is promoting itself as a medical tourism hub: about 200,000 foreigners seek medical care there each year, and Singapore medical services aim to serve one million foreign patients annually by 2012 and generate USD 3 billion in revenue.
Racial and religious harmony is regarded by the government as a crucial part of Singapore's success and played a part in building a Singaporean identity. Due to the many races and cultures in the country, there is no single set of culturally acceptable behaviours. The country is generally conservative socially but some liberalisation has occurred. Foreigners also make up 42% of the population and have a strong influence on Singaporean culture. A.T. Kearney named Singapore the most globalised country in the world in 2006 in its Globalization Index. The Economist Intelligence Unit in its "Quality-of-Life Index" ranks Singapore as having the best quality of life in Asia and eleventh overall in the world. The Singapore dream is often satirically and light-heartedly portrayed as the "5 Cs" of Singapore – cash, credit cards, car, condominium and country club membership.

СИНГАПУР, Республика Сингапур, город-государство в Юго-Восточной Азии, входящий в состав Содружества, возглавляемого Великобританией. Территория страны включает небольшой остров Сингапур (42 км в длину и 23 км в ширину), а также несколько соседних островков, расположенных у южной оконечности п-ова Малакка. Общая площадь – 648 кв. км. Население 3 млн.164 тыс. человек (1998). Сингапур – относительно богатая страна; годовой доход на душу населения составляет ок. 22,5 тыс. долл., а золотовалютные резервы страны превышают 97 млрд. долл. США
Остров Сингапур отделен от п-ова Малакка проливом Джохор шириной чуть более 1 км. Берега пролива соединены мостом. Климат территории влажный тропический, с высокими температурами в течение всего года. Средняя годовая температура 26° С, а разница температур самого холодного (январь) и самого теплого (май) месяцев не превышает 1° С. Средняя годовая сумма осадков 2400 мм.
Благодаря важному стратегическому положению на перекрестке морских путей между Европой, Азией и Австралией Сингапур превратился в один из ведущих торговых центров мира. По отношению к другим странам Юго-Восточной Азии он традиционно играет роль «базарной площади» – сюда поступают товары, производимые в соседних странах – например, каучук и олово из Малайзии, рис из Таиланда, которые затем направляются в другие регионы. В то же время сюда привозятся промышленные товары из США, Европы, Японии и распределяются между соседними странами. Когда эти страны стали строить морские порты, пригодные для судов с большой осадкой, значение Сингапура как торгового посредника уменьшилось. Чтобы компенсировать убытки, правительство страны стало стимулировать развитие собственной промышленности, привлекая для этого прямые иностранные капиталовложения. Поскольку Сингапур не располагает естественными ресурсами, развиваются преимущественно отрасли обрабатывающей промышленности, а также сборка изделий из импортированных готовых деталей. Большое значение приобретают химическая, нефтеперерабатывающая, сборочная электронная, радио- и электротехническая промышленность, а также судостроение. Сохранили свое значение в региональном масштабе оловоплавильная промышленность и переработка каучука. В 1980-е годы Сингапур стал развивать наукоемкие отрасли, специализируясь на передовых технологиях не только в производстве (верхние этажи машиностроения), но и в сфере интеллектуальных услуг (информационных, финансовых, технологических, медицинских). Несмотря на наличие высококвалифицированных и образованных местных кадров, в стране относительно мало национальных предпринимателей. Почти все капиталовложения и инициативы в бизнесе поступают из-за границы. Иностранных инвесторов привлекают наличие высококвалифицированной рабочей силы, слабость профсоюзов и политическая стабильность. Ведущая роль в выработке стратегии развития и контроля за выполнением индикативных планов остается за государством.

Сингапур стал крупным финансовым центром и источником технической и коммерческой информации для соседних стран. После открытия нефти и природного газа на шельфе у берегов п-ова Малакка в Сингапуре разместились штаб-квартиры энергетических компаний.

В 2002 ВВП в Сингапуре оценивался в 112,4 млрд. долл. США, т.е. 25,200 долл. США на душу населения. По секторам ВВП делится: индустриальный сектор – 33%, другие службы – 67%.